It does seem strange doesn’t it? If the battery capacity is reduced then it is reasonable to think that the charge time would reduce by a proportional amount – after all, Lithium ion batteries are very efficient during charge aren’t they?
Well the answer is to do with battery resistance and the
method with which a Lithium ion battery is charged. Lithium ion batteries are
charged with what is called ‘CV/CC’ which standard for ‘Constant Voltage’ /
‘Constant Current’ – the battery is first charged with a constant current until
the voltage reaches a pre-determined point (this is usually 4.20V for most
Lithium Ion cells) and then the voltage is held constant and the current is
allowed to taper down. Charge is terminated when the current tapers down to a
fixed level. The majority of the charge is integrated during the constant
current portion of the charge and less is input while the current is tapering
down.
As a Lithium ion battery is cycled (charged and discharged)
its available capacity reduces which results in shorter device runtime. At the
same time, the internal resistance increases which can be seen as a reduced
voltage during discharge, especially at higher load currents. The increase in
internal resistance also increases the voltage drop across the cell during
charge which means that the time taken too reach the CV (constant voltage)
point is reduced, so less capacity is integrated and the remaining charge is
input during the less efficient current tapering portion.
Different cells may behave differently depending on type and
application but this clearly shows why an older Lithium ion battery will have a
reduced capacity but take longer to charge than when it was new.
It is worth remembering that temperature also alters the internal resistance of a Lithium ion battery. Colder batteries have a higher resistance so can also take longer to charge than warmer ones. These factors should be considered when designing a battery and charger system.
If you want to discuss this topic further or have a new battery / charger project in the planning please drop me an email.
Happy New Year!
Neil Oliver
It is worth remembering that temperature also alters the internal resistance of a Lithium ion battery. Colder batteries have a higher resistance so can also take longer to charge than warmer ones. These factors should be considered when designing a battery and charger system.
If you want to discuss this topic further or have a new battery / charger project in the planning please drop me an email.
Happy New Year!
Neil Oliver